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Dorsal consonants are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum). They include the palatal , velar and, in some cases, alveolo-palatal and uvular consonants. They contrast with coronal consonants , articulated with the flexible front of the tongue, and laryngeal consonants , articulated in the pharyngeal cavity .
That is, a consonant may be lateral alveolar, like English /l/ (the tongue contacts the alveolar ridge, but allows air to flow off to the side), or lateral palatal, like Castilian Spanish ll /ʎ/. Some Indigenous Australian languages contrast dental, alveolar, retroflex, and palatal laterals, and many Native American languages have lateral ...
[ DORSAL] Dorsal sounds are articulated by raising the dorsum of the tongue. All vowels are dorsal sounds. Dorsal consonants include palatal, velar and uvular consonants. [+/− high]: [+high] segments raise the dorsum close to the palate. [−high] segments do not. [+/− low]: [+low] segments bunch the dorsum to a position low in the mouth.
The most common type of palatal consonant is the extremely common approximant [j], which ranks among the ten most common sounds in the world's languages. [1] The nasal [ɲ] is also common, occurring in around 35 percent of the world's languages, [2] in most of which its equivalent obstruent is not the stop [c], but the affricate [].
voiceless palatal fricative [ç] voiced palatal fricative [ ʝ] voiceless velar fricative [x] voiced velar fricative [ɣ] voiceless uvular fricative [χ] voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ] voiceless epiglottal fricative [ʜ] voiceless palatal-velar fricative (not possible) [ɧ] Lateral fricatives. voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ]
Dorsal consonants are those consonants made using the tongue body rather than the tip or blade. Palatal consonants are made using the tongue body against the hard palate on the roof of the mouth. They are frequently contrasted with velar or uvular consonants, though it is rare for a language to contrast all three simultaneously, with Jaqaru as ...
Palatalization of velar consonants commonly causes them to front, and apical and coronal consonants are usually raised. In the process, stop consonants are often spirantised except for palatalized labials. [citation needed] Palatalization, as a sound change, is usually triggered only by mid and close (high) front vowels and the semivowel [j ...
Apical post-alveolar consonants are often called retroflex, while laminal articulations are sometimes called palato-alveolar; [36] in the Australianist literature, these laminal stops are often described as 'palatal' though they are produced further forward than the palate region typically described as palatal. [28]