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Otta seal is considered to be a low cost seal. With its low initial cost and less demanding maintenance, it is a very cheap alternative for road surfaces. The cost for a double layer Otta seal is about US $2.00 to US $2.70 per square meter (US $2.40 to US $3.25 per square yard) and will last from 8 to 15 years.
"In 2002, asphalt sold for approximately $160 per ton. By the end of 2006, the cost had doubled to approximately $320 per ton, and then it almost doubled again in 2012 to approximately $610 per ton." [21] The report indicates that an "average" 1-mile (1.6-kilometer)-long, four-lane highway would include "300 tons of asphalt," which, "in 2002 ...
The weight designations originated with organic base felt weighing 15 or 30 pounds per 100 sq. ft. (6.8 kg or 14 kg per 9.3 m 2). However, modern base felts are made of lighter-weight fibre, so the weight designations, though common colloquially, are no longer literally accurate. [ 2 ]
Several variations of bitumen roofing felt are available. Single coverage thicknesses range from 55 to 90 pounds per square (100 sq. ft.) for single-coverage; Double coverage range from 110 to 140 pounds per square. [4] Fibre content: mixed rag fibre - lowest cost, shortest life; all plastic fibres; fibreglass - longest lived; Bitumen:
Bitumen emulsion applied to polypropylene geotextiles was reported to have been used in a Nevada heap leach mining installation as early as 1973. Published literature describing the modern development of the bituminous geomembrane can be traced back to the first double-liner system conceived of in 1974 by geosynthetics pioneer, J.P. Giroud .
They were first used in 1903, in general use in parts of the United States by 1911 and by 1939 11 million squares (100 million square meters) of shingles were being produced. [3] A U.S. National Board of Fire Underwriters campaign to eliminate the use of wood shingles on roofs was a contributing factor in the growth in popularity of asphalt ...
Per the Alberta Oil Sands Bitumen Valuation Methodology, "Dilbit Blends" means "Blends made from heavy crudes and/or bitumens and a diluent, usually natural-gas condensate, for the purpose of meeting pipeline viscosity and density specifications, where the density of the diluent included in the blend is less than 800 kg/m 3."
A study by Ducker International in 2005 identified the average cost per year of a metal roof to be US$3.2 per square metre ($0.30/sq ft) while single-ply roofs stood at $6.1/m 2 ($0.57/sq ft) and built-up roofing at $4.0/m 2 ($0.37/sq ft).