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The vagus nerve (/ ˈ v eɪ. ɡ ə s /), also known as the tenth cranial nerve, cranial nerve X, or simply CN X, is a cranial nerve that carries sensory and motor fibers. It creates a pathway that interfaces with the parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract. [1]
Baseline vagal tone can be used either as a potential predictor of behavior or as a signal of mental health (particularly emotion regulation, anxiety, and internalizing and externalizing disorders). [28] [29] The polyvagal theory by Porges is an influential model of how the vagal pathways respond to novelty and to stressful external stimuli.
This nerve is involved (together with nerve IX) in the pharyngeal reflex or gag reflex. XI Accessory. Sometimes: cranial accessory, spinal accessory. Mainly motor Cranial and Spinal Roots Located in the jugular foramen. Controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, and overlaps with functions of the vagus nerve (CN X). Symptoms of ...
The vagus nerve, also known as the tenth cranial nerve, is a fundamental component of the autonomic nervous system. It facilitates the transmission of parasympathetic signals to and from internal organs, including the heart, lungs, and digestive system.
Thus, the prefrontal input to the ANS modulate the inflammatory response to psychological stress in part via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. [14] In recent years, this PFC-Vagus Nerve-Spleen axis has been linked to cellular senescence [15] [16] and various pathologies such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. [17] [18]
In the head and neck, cranial nerves carry somatosensory data. There are twelve cranial nerves, ten of which originate from the brainstem, and mainly control the functions of the anatomic structures of the head with some exceptions. One unique cranial nerve is the vagus nerve, which receives sensory information from organs in the thorax and ...
Mesocortical pathway; Mesolimbic pathway; Nigrostriatal pathway; Tuberoinfundibular pathway; Serotonergic pathways. Raphe Nuclei; Norepinephrine Pathways Locus coeruleus and other noradrenergic cell groups; Epinephrine pathways from adrenergic cell groups; Glutamate and acetylcholine pathways from mesopontine nuclei
An action potential (or nerve impulse) is a transient alteration of the transmembrane voltage (or membrane potential) across the membrane in an excitable cell generated by the activity of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in the membrane. The best known action potentials are pulse-like waves that travel along the axons of neurons.