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Sometimes RAM limits can be overcome using special techniques. Bank switching allows blocks of RAM memory to be switched into the processor's address space when required, under program control. Operating systems routinely manage running programs using virtual memory , where individual program operate as if they have access to a large memory ...
(Rare) models with >64 KiB of RAM address space extend the 16-bit RAM addressing limits with RAMPX, RAMPY, RAMPZ and RAMPD registers. These provide additional high bits for addressing modes which use the X, Y, or Z register pairs, respectively, or the direct addressing instructions LDS/STS. Unlike ROM access, there are no distinct "extended ...
A 68451 MMU, which could be used with the Motorola 68010. A memory management unit (MMU), sometimes called paged memory management unit (PMMU), [1] is a computer hardware unit that examines all memory references on the memory bus, translating these requests, known as virtual memory addresses, into physical addresses in main memory.
MCS-51-based microcontrollers typically include one or two UARTs, two or three timers, 128 or 256 bytes of internal data RAM (16 bytes of which are bit-addressable), up to 128 bytes of I/O, 512 bytes to 64 KB of internal program memory, and sometimes a quantity of extended data RAM (ERAM) located in the external data space. External RAM and ROM ...
STK520 – Adds support for 14 and 20, and 32-pin microcontrollers from the AT90PWM and ATmega family. STK524 – Adds support for the ATmega32M1/C1 32-pin CAN/LIN/Motor Control family. STK525 – Adds support for the AT90USB microcontrollers in 64-pin TQFP packages. STK526 – Adds support for the AT90USB microcontrollers in 32-pin TQFP packages.
These new models, with a DDR2 controller, use a different physical socket (known as Socket AM2), so that they will only fit in motherboards designed for the new type of RAM. When the memory controller is not on-die, the same CPU may be installed on a new motherboard, with an updated northbridge to use newer memory.
These instructions tell the CPU to interact with a hardware component called the memory controller. The memory controller manages access to memory using the memory bus or a system bus, or through separate control, address, and data buses, to execute the program's commands. The bus managed by the memory controller consists of multiple parallel ...
The RL78 family is an accumulator-based register-bank CISC instruction set architecture (ISA). [2] Although it has eight 8-bit registers or four 16-bit register pairs, essentially all arithmetic operations are performed on a single accumulator (the A register or AX register pair).