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The rabbit test became a widely used bioassay (animal-based test) to test for pregnancy. The term "rabbit test" was first recorded in 1949, and was the origin of a common euphemism, "the rabbit died", for a positive pregnancy test. [4] The phrase was, in fact, based on a common misconception about the test.
Before immunological pregnancy tests were developed in the 1960s, women relied on urine-based pregnancy tests using animals, ranging from mice to frogs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Advancements in medical technology have enabled women to accurately check their pregnancy status by using 'pee-on-a-stick' pregnancy test kits at home.
Immunologic pregnancy tests were introduced in 1960 when Wide and Gemzell presented a test based on in-vitro hemagglutination inhibition. This was a first step away from in-vivo pregnancy testing [ 42 ] [ 43 ] and initiated a series of improvements in pregnancy testing leading to the contemporary at-home testing. [ 43 ]
A biophysical profile (BPP) is a prenatal ultrasound evaluation of fetal well-being involving a scoring system, [1] with the score being termed Manning's score. [2] It is often done when a non-stress test (NST) is non reactive, or for other obstetrical indications.
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a glycoprotein composed of 237 amino acids with a molecular mass of 36.7 kDa, approximately 14.5kDa αhCG and 22.2kDa βhCG. [4]It is heterodimeric, with an α (alpha) subunit identical to that of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and a β (beta) subunit that is unique to hCG.
Amniotic fluid index (AFI) is a quantitative estimate of amniotic fluid [1] and an indicator of fetal well-being. It is a separate measurement from the biophysical profile. [1]
in a woman at or near term in her pregnancy, the mean volume of maternal red blood cells is approximately 1800 ml; the mean fetal hematocrit is 50%; and at stillbirth , the mean fetal blood volume is 150 m l k g {\displaystyle 150{\frac {ml}{kg}}}
Gravindex is an agglutination inhibition test performed on a urine sample to detect pregnancy. [1] It is based on double antigen antibody reaction. The test detects the prevention of agglutination of HCG -coated latex particles by HCG present in the urine of pregnant women.