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Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer; it develops from the melanin-producing cells known as melanocytes. [1] It typically occurs in the skin, but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye (uveal melanoma). [1] [2] In women, melanomas most commonly occur on the legs; while in men, on the back. [2]
The included cancer types are the ones causing most death as per data from the US in 2008. [1] Lung cancer, mainly to adrenal glands, brain, and bone [2] Breast cancer, mainly to bone, liver, lung and brain. [3] Colon cancer, mainly to liver. [4] Pancreatic cancer, mainly to liver and lungs. [5] Melanoma, mainly to brain [6]
Lymphatic spread is the most common route of initial metastasis for carcinomas. [8] In contrast, it is uncommon for a sarcoma to metastasize via this route. Localized spread to regional lymph nodes near the primary tumor is not normally counted as a metastasis, although this is a sign of a worse outcome.
Diagram showing the most common places for melanoma to spread to. Date: 30 July 2014 (released by CRUK) Source: Original email from CRUK: Author: Cancer Research UK: Permission (Reusing this file) This image has been released as part of an open knowledge project by Cancer Research UK. If re-used, attribute to Cancer Research UK / Wikimedia Commons
The most common site of metastasis for uveal melanoma is the liver; [21] the liver is the first site of metastasis for 80%-90% of ocular melanoma patients. [22] Other common sites of metastasis include the lung, bones, and just beneath the skin (subcutaneous).
Dabrafenib is indicated as a single agent for the treatment of people with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. [2] Dabrafenib is indicated, in combination with trametinib, for BRAF V600E-positive unresectable or metastatic melanoma, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer, and unresectable or metastatic solid tumors.
She recently helped raise $19,000 at Outerbelt Brewing for melanoma research at Ohio State. Ruckman said the five-year survival rate for Stage 4 melanoma as of 2018 is 22.5%.
In early 2010 a Phase I trial [16] for solid tumors (including colorectal cancer), and a phase II study (for metastatic melanoma) were ongoing. [17] A phase III trial (vs dacarbazine) in patients with previously untreated metastatic melanoma showed an improved rates of overall and progression-free survival. [18]