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Conversely, deep processing (e.g., semantic processing) results in a more durable memory trace. [1] There are three levels of processing in this model. Structural processing, or visual, is when we remember only the physical quality of the word (e.g. how the word is spelled and how letters look).
Semantic processing is the deepest level of processing and it requires the listener to think about the meaning of the cue. Studies on brain imaging have shown that, when semantic processing occurs, there is increased brain activity in the left prefrontal regions of the brain that does not occur during different kinds of processing. One study ...
Deep processing involves semantic processing, which happens when we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words. Shallow processing involves structural and phonemic recognition, the processing of sentence and word structure, i.e. first-order logic , and their associated sounds.
The Level of Processing Framework by Craik and Lockhart (1972) is a significant theory for incidental learning that postulates how levels of encoding and processing affects the extent of later retrieval. It claims that deep encoding processes increase incidental memory and later retrieval, [23] further facilitated by emotional content. [24]
Deeper level processing requires more attention being given to the stimulus and engages more cognitive systems to encode the information. An exception to deep processing is if the individual has been exposed to the stimulus frequently and it has become common in the individual’s life, such as the person’s name. [28]
Transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) is a type of state-dependent memory specifically showing that memory performance is not only determined by the depth of processing (where associating meaning with information strengthens the memory; see levels-of-processing effect), but by the relationship between how information is initially encoded and how it is later retrieved.
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A standard representation of the pyramid form of DIKW models, from 2007 and earlier. [1] [2]The DIKW pyramid, also known variously as the knowledge pyramid, knowledge hierarchy, information hierarchy, [1]: 163 DIKW hierarchy, wisdom hierarchy, data pyramid, and information pyramid, [citation needed] sometimes also stylized as a chain, [3]: 15 [4] refer to models of possible structural and ...