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In a volcanic eruption, lava, volcanic bombs, ash, and various gases are expelled from a volcanic vent and fissure. While many eruptions only pose dangers to the immediately surrounding area, Earth's largest eruptions can have a major regional or even global impact, with some affecting the climate and contributing to mass extinctions.
eruption episode L 7 Phlegraean Fields: Campanian volcanic arc: Unknown 15.7 5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.3 19.3 Green Pumice: 7 Long Island, PNG Bismarck Volcanic Arc 100 19.3 Kiau Ignimbrite 7 Zavaritzki Caldera: Simushir, Kuril Islands: 200 20 6 Rabaul: Bismarck Volcanic Arc >10 21 Kulau Ignimbrite 6 Menengai
The eruption caused a volcanic winter. During the Northern Hemisphere summer of 1816, global temperatures cooled by 0.53 °C (0.95 °F). This cooling directly or indirectly caused 90,000 deaths. The eruption of Mount Tambora was the largest cause of this climate anomaly. [22]
On June 15, 1991, a rumbling Mount Pinatubo grew and grew until it exploded in the biggest volcanic eruption on Earth in 100 years. Super-pressurized, gas-charged magma burst through and a cloud ...
The volcanic island of Anak Krakatau in Indonesia saw an eruption on 22 December 2018 which caused a deadly tsunami, with waves surging up to five meters in height. The tsunami killed at least 437 ...
An eruption on 16 March injured 10 people, including a BBC News television crew, after magma exploded upon contact with snow. [97] [98] 3 Mount Ontake [99] Japan 2014 63 A phreatic eruption and pyroclastic flow occurred without warning, killing 63 people. Deadliest eruption in Japan since 1902, first volcano-related deaths in Japan since 1991. 2
Known as a super eruption for its magnitude, the event emptied out enough volcanic material to produce the 30-by-40-mile-wide caldera. The National Park Service said the eruption covered an area ...
The 1815 Tambora eruption is the largest and most devastating observed eruption in recorded history; a comparison with other major eruptions is listed below. [5] [31] [38] The explosion was heard 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) or 3,350 kilometres (2,080 mi) away, and ash deposits were registered at a distance of at least 1,300 kilometres (810 mi).