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The primary function of an interstitial cytotrophoblast is to anchor the growing fetus to the maternal uterine tissue. These cells may invade the whole endometrium and the proximal third of the myometrium. Once these cells penetrate through the first few layers of cells of the decidua, they lose their ability to proliferate and become invasive.
This core is surrounded by two layers of trophoblasts, the cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast is a layer of mono-nucleated cells that resides underneath the syncytiotrophoblast. [6] The syncytiotrophoblast is composed of fused cytotrophoblasts which then form a layer that covers the placental surface. [6]
Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells migrate from anchoring villi, and invade into the decidua basalis. Their main function is remodelling the uterine spiral arteries, to achieve an increase in the spiral artery diameter of from four to six times.
A cytotrophoblast cap penetrates through the fetus' syncytiotrophoblasts and reaches the maternal decidua, forming the anchoring villus. [1] [3] [4] The cytotrophoblast layer spreads and contacts the cytotrophoblast layers of neighboring anchoring villi, creating a continuous layer called the cytotrophoblastic shell.
Image showing trophoblast differentiated into the two layers of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast during implantation. It is the outer layer of the trophoblasts and actively invades the uterine wall, during implantation, rupturing maternal capillaries and thus establishing an interface between maternal blood and embryonic extracellular fluid, facilitating passive exchange of material ...
After implantation, cytotrophoblast is the inner layer of the trophoblast, composed of stem cells which give rise to cells comprising the chorionic villi, placenta, and syncytiotrophoblast. After implantation, syncytiotrophoblast is the outermost layer of the trophoblast.
On approximately the seventh day of development, the trophoblast (cells that make up the outer part of the blastocyst) divides to form two separate layers: an inner cytotrophoblast layer, and an outer syncytiotrophoblast layer. Using enzymes, the syncytiotrophoblast penetrates the tissues of the mother, then it attaches to these tissues by ...
Fluid collects between the epiblast and the hypoblast, which splits the epiblast into two portions. The layer at the embryonic pole grows around the amniotic sac, creating a barrier from the cytotrophoblast. This becomes known as the amnion, which is one of the four fetal membranes and the cells it comprises are referred to as amnioblasts. [6]