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d = run Δh = rise l = slope length α = angle of inclination. The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line is either the elevation angle of that surface to the horizontal or its tangent.
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Ballochney incline, Ballochney Railway, Scotland: The steepest standard gauge inclines used regularly by passenger trains by adhesion in Britain. Both closed to passengers from 1 May 1930 by the London and North Eastern Railway and since closed completely. [20] Causewayend incline, Slamannan Railway, Scotland 1 in 23.5 (4.25%)
Reticulate evolution refers to evolutionary processes which cannot be successfully represented using a classical phylogenetic tree model, [25] as it gives rise to rapid evolutionary change with horizontal crossings and mergings often preceding a pattern of vertical descent with modification. [26]
It was held in the Scotland Park Elementary School area. Participant Nataly Loa demonstrates hand signals during a summer camp Bike Roadeo event at Scotland Park Elementary School on Thursday ...
Orthologs, or orthologous genes, are genes in different species that originated by vertical descent from a single gene of the last common ancestor. The term "ortholog" was coined in 1970 by the molecular evolutionist Walter Fitch. [5]
Skolithos (formerly spelled Scolithus or Skolithus [1]) is a common trace fossil ichnogenus that is, or was originally, an approximately vertical cylindrical burrow with a distinct lining. It was produced globally by a variety of organisms, mostly in shallow marine environments, and appears as linear features in sedimentary rocks.
The hill's lower northern slopes are the site of the Morrone Birkwood Special Area of Conservation, managed by Scottish Natural Heritage.Floristically unaltered since the end of the last ice age, it is the sole surviving example in Britain of a sub-alpine birch-juniper wood on basic soils. [5]