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Mosys uses a single-transistor storage cell (bit cell) like dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), but surrounds the bit cell with control circuitry that makes the memory functionally equivalent to SRAM (the controller hides all DRAM-specific operations such as precharging and refresh). 1T-SRAM (and PSRAM in general) has a standard single-cycle ...
SRAM typically has six-transistor cells, whereas DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) typically has single-transistor cells. [ 17 ] [ 15 ] In 1965, Toshiba 's Toscal BC-1411 electronic calculator used a form of capacitive bipolar DRAM, storing 180-bit data on discrete memory cells, consisting of germanium bipolar transistors and capacitors.
The advent of the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), [12] invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, [13] enabled the practical use of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) transistors as memory cell storage elements, a function previously served by magnetic cores in computer memory. [12]
The 1T-1C storage cell design in a FeRAM is similar in construction to the storage cell in DRAM, in that both cell types include one capacitor and one access transistor. In a DRAM cell capacitor, a linear dielectric is used, whereas in a FeRAM cell capacitor the dielectric structure includes ferroelectric material , typically lead zirconate ...
TRADIC. This is a list of transistorized computers, which were digital computers that used discrete transistors as their primary logic elements. Discrete transistors were a feature of logic design for computers from about 1960, when reliable transistors became economically available, until monolithic integrated circuits displaced them in the 1970s.
SanDisk X4 flash memory cards, introduced in 2009, was one of the first products based on NAND memory that stores 4 bits per cell, commonly referred to as quad-level-cell (QLC), using 16 discrete charge levels (states) in each individual transistor. The QLC chips used in these memory cards were manufactured by Toshiba, SanDisk and SK Hynix. [30 ...
The HP-65 is the first magnetic card-programmable handheld calculator. Introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1974 at an MSRP of $795 [1] (equivalent to $5,069 in 2024) [2], it featured nine storage registers and room for 100 keystroke instructions. It also included a magnetic card reader/writer to save and load programs.
The basis for memory card technology is flash memory. [2] It was invented by Fujio Masuoka at Toshiba in 1980 [3] [4] and commercialized by Toshiba in 1987. [5] [6] The development of memory cards was driven in the 1980s by the need for an alternative to floppy disk drives that had lower power consumption, had less weight and occupied less ...