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It can be strongly associated with nations linked to the former Western Roman Empire and with Medieval Western Christendom. The civilizations of Classical Greece (Hellenic) [1] and Roman Empire (Latin) [2] as well as Ancient Israel (Hebraism) [3] and early Christendom are considered seminal periods in Western history.
While the Roman Empire and Christian religion survived in an increasingly Hellenised form in the Byzantine Empire centered at Constantinople in the East, Western civilization suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in AD 476. Gradually however, the Christian religion re-asserted its influence over Western Europe.
Depending on the continent, the era generally falls between the years AD 200–600 and AD 1200–1500. The major classical civilizations that the era follows are Han China (ending in 220), the Western Roman Empire (in 476), the Gupta Empire (in the 550s), and the Sasanian Empire (in 651). Middle Ages – Lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
History of Western civilization – record of the development of human civilization beginning in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, and generally spreading westwards. Ancient Greek science, philosophy, democracy, architecture, literature, and art provided a foundation embraced and built upon by the Roman Empire as it swept up Europe, including ...
The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500–1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). The first early European modern humans appear in the fossil record about 48,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic era.
The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages is known as Late Antiquity.Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's ...
Indus Valley Civilization, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE; Post Indus Valley Period (Cemetery H Culture), c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE; Vedic civilization, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE Kuru kingdom, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE; Early Vedic period. Rise of Śramaṇa movement; Later Vedic Period. Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha; Spread of Jainism – Mahavira; Rise ...
Quintilian (c. 35 AD – c. 100 AD). Rhetorician and teacher. Philo (c. 20 BC – 50 AD). Believed in the allegorical method of reading texts. Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – 65 AD). Stoic. Jesus of Nazareth (c. 1 – 30 or 33 AD) the founder of Christianity. Hero of Alexandria (c. 10 – c. 70). Engineer. Plutarch (c. 46 – 119). Epictetus (c ...