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[citation needed] The Sumerian language remained in official and literary use in the Akkadian and Babylonian empires, even after the spoken language disappeared from the population; literacy was widespread, and the Sumerian texts that students copied heavily influenced later Babylonian literature. [2]
Sumerian cuneiform, ca. 26th century BCE The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL) is an online digital library of texts and translations of Sumerian literature that was created by a now-completed project based at the Oriental Institute of the University of Oxford.
A transcription of the text on the obverse, reverse, and left edge of the tablet [6] The tablet details that Ea-nāṣir travelled to Dilmun to buy copper and returned to sell it in Mesopotamia. On one particular occasion, he had agreed to sell copper ingots to Nanni. Nanni sent his servant with the money to complete the transaction. [7]
The cuneiform lexical lists are a series of ancient Mesopotamian glossaries which preserve the semantics of Sumerograms, their phonetic value and their Akkadian or other language equivalents. [1] They are the oldest literary texts from Mesopotamia and one of the most widespread genres in the ancient Near East.
Although it is known that earlier law-codes existed, such as the Code of Urukagina, this represents the earliest extant legal text. It is three centuries older than the Code of Hammurabi . The laws are arranged in casuistic form of IF (crime) THEN (punishment)—a pattern followed in nearly all later codes.
The names of over 3,000 Mesopotamian deities have been recovered from cuneiform texts. [ 19 ] [ 16 ] Many of these are from lengthy lists of deities compiled by ancient Mesopotamian scribes. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The longest of these lists is a text entitled An = Anum , a Babylonian scholarly work listing the names of over 2,000 deities.
The text is best known under its modern name Sumerian King List, which is often abbreviated to SKL in scholarly literature. A less-used name is the Chronicle of the One Monarchy, reflecting the notion that, according to this text, there could ever be only one city exercising kingship over Mesopotamia. [2]
Sumerian texts repeatedly refer to three important centers with which they traded: Magan, Dilmun, and Meluhha. [12] [13] The Sumerian location of Magan is now accepted to be the area currently encompassing the United Arab Emirates and Oman. [14]