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The alcohol dehydrogenases comprise a group of several isozymes that catalyse the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones, respectively, and also can catalyse the reverse reaction. [19] In mammals this is a redox (reduction/oxidation) reaction involving the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD ...
Ketone bodies are produced mainly in the mitochondria of liver cells, and synthesis can occur in response to an unavailability of blood glucose, such as during fasting. [4] Other cells, e.g. human astrocytes, are capable of carrying out ketogenesis, but they are not as effective at doing so. [6] Ketogenesis occurs constantly in a healthy ...
Aldehyde dehydrogenase is a polymorphic enzyme [3] responsible for the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids. [3] There are three different classes of these enzymes in mammals: class 1 (low K m, cytosolic), class 2 (low K m, mitochondrial), and class 3 (high K m, such as those expressed in tumors, stomach, and cornea).
The Buchner–Curtius–Schlotterbeck reaction is the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with aliphatic diazoalkanes to form homologated ketones. [1] It was first described by Eduard Buchner and Theodor Curtius in 1885 [ 2 ] and later by Fritz Schlotterbeck in 1907. [ 3 ]
Alcohol oxidation is a collection of oxidation reactions in organic chemistry that convert alcohols to aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. The reaction mainly applies to primary and secondary alcohols. Secondary alcohols form ketones, while primary alcohols form aldehydes or carboxylic acids. [1] A variety of oxidants can be used.
The reaction uses NAD + to convert the ethanol into acetaldehyde (a toxic carcinogen). The enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase ( aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family ALDH2 , EC 1.2.1.3) then converts the acetaldehyde into the non-toxic acetate ion (commonly found in acetic acid or vinegar).
[7] [8] Hydrazone-based coupling methods are used in medical biotechnology to couple drugs to targeted antibodies (see ADC), e.g. antibodies against a certain type of cancer cell. The hydrazone-based bond is stable at neutral pH (in the blood), but is rapidly destroyed in the acidic environment of lysosomes of the cell. The drug is thereby ...
The other hydrogen bonding network includes residues Lys120 and Asp260, as well as an ordered water molecule (with a B-factor of 16.4 Å2), which hydrogen bonds to Gly149 and Asn151 (not shown). In these two electrostatic networks, only the ε-NH 3 + group of Lys204 is the nearest to the C2 atom of DHAP (3.4 Å).