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  2. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    Matter organizes into various phases or states of matter depending on its constituents and external factors like pressure and temperature.Except at extreme temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.

  3. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    Forms of matter that are not composed of molecules and are organized by different forces can also be considered different states of matter. Superfluids (like Fermionic condensate) and the quark–gluon plasma are examples. In a chemical equation, the state of matter of the chemicals may be shown as (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, and (g) for gas.

  4. Phase diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram

    It is possible to envision three-dimensional (3D) graphs showing three thermodynamic quantities. [12] [13] For example, for a single component, a 3D Cartesian coordinate type graph can show temperature (T) on one axis, pressure (p) on a second axis, and specific volume (v) on a third. Such a 3D graph is sometimes called a p–v–T diagram. The ...

  5. Thermodynamic state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_state

    Thermodynamic states are amongst the fundamental or primitive objects or notions of the scheme, for which their existence is primary and definitive, rather than being derived or constructed from other concepts. [1] [2] [3] A thermodynamic system is not simply a physical system. [4]

  6. Equation of state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_state

    Equations of state are useful in describing the properties of pure substances and mixtures in liquids, gases, and solid states as well as the state of matter in the interior of stars. [3] Though there are many equations of state, none accurately predicts properties of substances under all conditions. The quest for a universal equation of state ...

  7. Density of states - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_states

    The density of states related to volume V and N countable energy levels is defined as: = = (()). Because the smallest allowed change of momentum for a particle in a box of dimension and length is () = (/), the volume-related density of states for continuous energy levels is obtained in the limit as ():= (()), Here, is the spatial dimension of the considered system and the wave vector.

  8. Thermodynamic diagrams - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_diagrams

    The path or series of states through which a system passes from an initial equilibrium state to a final equilibrium state [1] and can be viewed graphically on a pressure-volume (P-V), pressure-temperature (P-T), and temperature-entropy (T-s) diagrams. [2] There are an infinite number of possible paths from an initial point to an end point in a ...

  9. Equation of state (cosmology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_state_(cosmology)

    The equation of state for ordinary non-relativistic 'matter' (e.g. cold dust) is =, which means that its energy density decreases as =, where is a volume.In an expanding universe, the total energy of non-relativistic matter remains constant, with its density decreasing as the volume increases.