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Due to its low frequency of occurrence, more common causes of hoarseness should be considered when suspecting left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (LRLN).. When considering cardiovocal syndrome, the most common historical cause is a dilated left atrium due to mitral stenosis, but other causes, including pulmonary hypertension, [2] thoracic aortic aneurysms, an enlarged pulmonary artery [3] and ...
Pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN) is a condition of increased blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [7] Symptoms include shortness of breath, fainting, tiredness, chest pain, swelling of the legs, and a fast heartbeat. [7] [1] The condition may make it difficult to exercise. [7] Onset is typically gradual. [8]
A pulmonary artery wedge pressure being less than 15 mmHg (also measured by right heart catheterization) excludes post-capillary bed (in the veins distal to the capillary bed) pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a subgroup of pulmonary hypertension and is categorized as World Health Organization as group 1. [3]
The Cambridge Pulmonary Hypertension Outcome Review (CAMPHOR) is a disease specific patient-reported outcome measure which assesses quality of life of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). [1] It was the first pulmonary hypertension specific questionnaire for assessing patient reported symptoms, quality of life and functioning.
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a long-term disease caused by a blockage in the blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to the lungs (the pulmonary arterial tree). These blockages cause increased resistance to flow in the pulmonary arterial tree which in turn leads to rise in pressure in these arteries ...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Emphysema) due to decreased surface area in the alveoli, as well as damage to the capillary bed [7] Pulmonary embolism; Cardiac insufficiency [8] Pulmonary hypertension; Bleomycin (upon administration of more than 200 units) Anemia-due to decrease in blood volume
Treatment of the underlying cause is required, if possible. The treatment of acute respiratory failure may involve medication such as bronchodilators (for airways disease), [7] [8] antibiotics (for infections), glucocorticoids (for numerous causes), diuretics (for pulmonary oedema), amongst others.
Complications may include pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. [1] The cause is unknown, hence the term idiopathic. [2] Risk factors include cigarette smoking, acid reflux disease (GERD), certain viral infections, and genetic predisposition. [1] The underlying mechanism involves scarring of the lungs. [1]