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The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. [ 73 ] Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst.
The treatment of AGEP begins with the immediate cessation of the offending drug. For individuals developing AGEP while taking multiple drugs, non-essential drugs should be discontinued and essential drugs should be replaced by chemically unrelated drugs that are used as alternatives to the discontinued drug(s).
In September 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required that boxed warnings for all benzodiazepine medications be updated to describe the risks of abuse, misuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions consistently across all the medicines in the class.
A clinical chemistry analyzer; hand shows size. Clinical chemistry (also known as chemical pathology, clinical biochemistry or medical biochemistry) is a division in medical laboratory sciences focusing on qualitative tests of important compounds, referred to as analytes or markers, in bodily fluids and tissues using analytical techniques and specialized instruments. [1]
Benzoyl peroxide is a chemical compound (specifically, an organic peroxide) with structural formula (C 6 H 5 −C(=O)O−) 2, often abbreviated as (BzO) 2.In terms of its structure, the molecule can be described as two benzoyl (C 6 H 5 −C(=O)−, Bz) groups connected by a peroxide (−O−O−).
They can also be prepared and transformed by transalkylation reactions. In this way, triisopropylbenzenes are converted back to diisopropylbenzenes upon treatment with benzene or monoisopropylbenzene. As usual, these transformations are catalyzed by Lewis acids. [3] C 6 H 4 (CH(CH 3) 2) 2 + C 6 H 6 → 2 C 6 H 5 CH(CH 3) 2
The reaction is used for the transfer of methyl and ethyl groups between benzene rings. This is of particular value in the petrochemical industry [1] to manufacture p-xylene, styrene, [2] and other aromatic compounds. Motivation for using transalkylation reactions is based on a difference in production and demand for benzene, toluene, and xylenes.
The aryl group can be coupled to another using arenediazonium salts. For example, treatment of benzenediazonium chloride with benzene (an aromatic compound) in the presence of sodium hydroxide gives diphenyl: [C 6 H 5 N 2] + Cl − + C 6 H 6 → (C 6 H 5) 2 + N 2 + HCl. This reaction is known as the Gomberg–Bachmann reaction.