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Anencephaly is the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development. [1] It is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the rostral (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the 23rd and 26th day following conception. [ 2 ]
The condition is frequently, though not always, associated with anencephaly. The fetus is said to have acrania if it meets the following criteria: the fetus should have a perfectly normal facial bone, a normal cervical column but without the fetal skull and a volume of brain tissue equivalent to at least one-third of the normal brain size. [2]
The skull does not close all the way in this deformity (especially at the occipital region). As a result, the amniotic fluid enters the brain, leading to eventual brain degeneration and anencephaly. [1] Craniorachischisis is on the extreme end of the dysraphism spectrum, wherein the entire length of the neural tube fails to close. [2]
Jaxon Emmett Buell (August 27, 2014 – April 1, 2020) was an American child known for being born missing about 80% of his brain due to anencephaly. [1] He surpassed doctors' expectations, who predicted he would not live to see his first birthday. He actually lived over five-and-a-half years.
As the irreversibility of anencephaly is widely understood in the medical community, he argued that the decision to continue futile care only resulted in the repetitive diversion of medical equipment. [6] Keene's cardiac death occurred on April 5, 1995, at Fairfax Hospital, at age of 2 years 174 days. [1]
Exencephaly is a type of cephalic disorder wherein the brain is located outside of the skull. This condition is usually found in embryos as an early stage of anencephaly.As an exencephalic pregnancy progresses, the neural tissue gradually degenerates.
Examples of injuries incompatible with life are decapitation or gross dismemberment.Other circumstances that are regarded as self-evidently incompatible with life include traumatic hemicorporectomy, decomposition, incineration, hypostasis and rigor mortis; in these circumstances, paramedics and other similar workers may be allowed to regard a person as dead in the absence of a physician.
Iniencephaly is a rare type of cephalic disorder [1] [2] characterised by three common characteristics: a defect to the occipital bone, spina bifida of the cervical vertebrae and retroflexion (backward bending) of the head on the cervical spine. [3]