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The Levels of Processing model, created by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing. More analysis produce more elaborate and stronger memory than lower levels of processing. Depth of processing falls on a shallow to deep continuum.
Fergus Ian Muirden Craik FRS (born 17 April 1935, Edinburgh, Scotland) is a cognitive psychologist known for his research on levels of processing in memory. This work was done in collaboration with Robert Lockhart at the University of Toronto in 1972 and continued with another collaborative effort with Endel Tulving in 1975.
The idea behind the levels of processing theory is that the depth of processing effects how well you encode the information you are learning. Craik and Tulving performed a study in 1975 where the participants were presented a list of 60 words each word having three questions.
Created Date: 8/30/2012 4:52:52 PM
According to Craik and Lockhart, the encoding of sensory information would be considered shallow processing, as it is highly automatic and requires very little focus. Deeper level processing requires more attention being given to the stimulus and engages more cognitive systems to encode the information. An exception to deep processing is if the ...
Transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) is a type of state-dependent memory specifically showing that memory performance is not only determined by the depth of processing (where associating meaning with information strengthens the memory; see levels-of-processing effect), but by the relationship between how information is initially encoded and how it is later retrieved.
Well, Craik & Lockhart's level of processing model provided an interesting approach to memory which concentrated on structual issues of the deeper that we process things, the easier we will remember them. Although the theory has a lot of supportive evidence from experiments there is no independent measure of whether processing was deep or shallow.
High field dependency corresponds to a greater bias toward the global level, while field independence corresponds to a lesser dependency on the global level. [15] This indicates that individual characteristics have an effect on the prevalence of global precedence and that global and local processing exist on a continuum. [15]