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In neurology, retrograde amnesia (RA) is the inability to access memories or information from before an injury or disease occurred. [1] RA differs from a similar condition called anterograde amnesia (AA), which is the inability to form new memories following injury or disease onset. [ 2 ]
Ribot's law of retrograde amnesia was hypothesized in 1881 by Théodule Ribot. It states that there is a time gradient in retrograde amnesia, so that recent memories are more likely to be lost than the more remote memories. Not all patients with retrograde amnesia report the symptoms of Ribot's law.
Amnesia is an abnormal mental state in which memory and learning are affected out of all proportion to other cognitive functions in an otherwise alert and responsive patient. [5] There are two forms of amnesia: Anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia, that show hippocampal or medial temporal lobe damage.
Focal retrograde amnesia (FRA), sometimes known as functional amnesia, refers to the presence of retrograde amnesia while knowledge acquisition remains intact (no anterograde amnesia). Memory for how to use objects and perform skills ( implicit memory ) may remain intact while specific knowledge of personal events or previously learned facts ...
Retrograde amnesia is defined as the loss of memory of events and experiences occurring prior to an illness, accident, injury, or traumatic experience such as rape or assault. The amnesia may cover events over a longer or only a brief period. Typically, it declines with time, with earlier memories returning first. [9]
There are two main types of amnesia: Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation. [3] In some cases, the memory loss can extend back decades, while in other cases, people may lose only a few months of memory.
This characteristic of TGA, where the length of time affected by retrograde amnesia shortens (i.e. older memories return first, followed by more recent memories) is commonly seen. [4] In the majority of cases there are no long-term effects other than a complete lack of recall for this period of the attack and an hour or two before its onset.
As a result, Wearing developed both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. He has little memory of what happened before the virus struck him in 1985, and cannot learn new declarative knowledge after the virus struck him. As a result of anterograde amnesia, Wearing repeatedly "wakes up" every day, usually in 30-second intervals.