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In women, the most common adverse effects of MPA are acne, changes in menstrual flow, drowsiness, and can cause birth defects if taken by pregnant women. Other common side effects include breast tenderness, increased facial hair, decreased scalp hair, difficulty falling or remaining asleep, stomach pain, and weight loss or gain. [24]
Progesterone (P4), sold under the brand name Prometrium among others, is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. [20] It is a progestogen and is used in combination with estrogens mainly in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low sex hormone levels in women.
[1] [2] Other side effects of progestogens may include an increased risk of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and blood clots. [2] At high doses, progestogens can cause low sex hormone levels and associated side effects like sexual dysfunction and an increased risk of bone fractures. [3]
Progesterone is used as part of hormone replacement therapy in people who have low progesterone levels, and for other reasons. For purposes of comparison with normal physiological circumstances, luteal phase levels of progesterone are 4 to 30 ng/mL, while follicular phase levels of progesterone are 0.02 to 0.9 ng/mL, menopausal levels are 0.03 to 0.3 ng/mL, and levels of progesterone in men ...
Rare side effects may include high potassium levels and blood clots (when taken as a combined oestrogen-progestogen pill), among others. [ 3 ] [ 11 ] Drospirenone is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen , and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor , the biological target of progestogens like progesterone . [ 1 ]
Perimenopausal women have been found to have greater CYP3A4 activity relative to men and postmenopausal women, and it has been inferred that this may be due to the higher progesterone levels present in perimenopausal women. [33] Progesterone modulates the activity of CatSper (cation channels of sperm) voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels.
Norethisterone and ethinylestradiol levels over 24 hours after a single oral dose of 10 mg NETA in postmenopausal women. [25] NETA metabolizes into ethinylestradiol at a rate of 0.20 to 0.33% across a dose range of 10 to 40 mg. [26] [27] Peak levels of ethinylestradiol with a 10, 20, or 40 mg dose of NETA were 58, 178, and 231 pg/mL, respectively.
Side effects of desogestrel include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, mood changes, acne, increased hair growth, and others. [1] Desogestrel is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen , and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor , the biological target of progestogens like progesterone .