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Euler's identity is also a special case of the more general identity that the n th roots of unity, for n > 1, add up to 0: = = Euler's identity is the case where n = 2. A similar identity also applies to quaternion exponential: let {i, j, k} be the basis quaternions; then,
In 1736, Leonhard Euler published a proof of Fermat's little theorem [1] (stated by Fermat without proof), which is the restriction of Euler's theorem to the case where n is a prime number. Subsequently, Euler presented other proofs of the theorem, culminating with his paper of 1763, in which he proved a generalization to the case where n is ...
This interpretation leads to a proof of the identity by canceling pairs of matched terms (involution method). [1] Consider the Ferrers diagram of any partition of n into distinct parts. For example, the diagram below shows n = 20 and the partition 20 = 7 + 6 + 4 + 3.
This proof, due to Euler, [3] uses induction to prove the theorem for all integers a ≥ 0. The base step, that 0 p ≡ 0 (mod p ) , is trivial. Next, we must show that if the theorem is true for a = k , then it is also true for a = k + 1 .
Comment: The proof of Euler's four-square identity is by simple algebraic evaluation. Quaternions derive from the four-square identity, which can be written as the product of two inner products of 4-dimensional vectors, yielding again an inner product of 4-dimensional vectors: (a·a)(b·b) = (a×b)·(a×b).
Euler's theorem Euler's theorem states that if n and a are coprime positive integers, then a φ(n) is congruent to 1 mod n. Euler's theorem generalizes Fermat's little theorem. Euler's totient function For a positive integer n, Euler's totient function of n, denoted φ(n), is the number of integers coprime to n between 1 and n inclusive.
Cayley's theorem; Clique problem (to do) Compactness theorem (very compact proof) Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem; Euler's formula; Euler's four-square identity; Euler's theorem; Five color theorem; Five lemma; Fundamental theorem of arithmetic; Gauss–Markov theorem (brief pointer to proof) Gödel's incompleteness theorem. Gödel's first ...
Euler's formula is ubiquitous in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and engineering. The physicist Richard Feynman called the equation "our jewel" and "the most remarkable formula in mathematics". [2] When x = π, Euler's formula may be rewritten as e iπ + 1 = 0 or e iπ = −1, which is known as Euler's identity.