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Broadly, modern glass container factories are three-part operations: the "batch house", the "hot end", and the "cold end". The batch house handles the raw materials; the hot end handles the manufacture proper—the forehearth, forming machines, and annealing ovens; and the cold end handles the product-inspection and packaging equipment.
Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid. Because it is often transparent and chemically inert, glass has found widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in window panes, tableware, and optics. Some common objects made of glass like "a glass" of water, "glasses", and "magnifying glass", are named after the material. Glass is ...
To make glass, the glassmaker starts with the batch, melts it together, forms the glass product, and gradually cools it. The batch is dominated by sand, which contains silica. Smaller quantities of other ingredients, such as soda and limestone, are added to the batch. [2] Additional ingredients may be added to color the glass. For example, an ...
The history of glass-making dates back to at least 3,600 years ago in Mesopotamia. However, most writers claim that they may have been producing copies of glass objects from Egypt. [1] Other archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt. [2]
Glass was not pressed in the United States until the 1820s. [8] Until the 20th century, window glass production involved blowing a cylinder and flattening it. [9] Two major methods to make window glass, the crown method and the cylinder method, were used until the process was changed much later in the 1920s. [10]
Soda–lime glass, also called soda–lime–silica glass, is the most prevalent type of glass, used for windowpanes and glass containers (bottles and jars) for beverages, food, and some commodity items. Some glass bakeware is made of soda-lime glass, as opposed to the more common borosilicate glass. [1] Soda–lime glass accounts for about 90% ...
Glass casting. A bowl made from cast-glass. The two halves are joined together by the weld seam, running down the middle. Glass casting is the process in which glass objects are cast by directing molten glass into a mould where it solidifies. The technique has been used since the 15th century BCE in both Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Glass coloring and color marking may be obtained in several ways. by the addition of coloring ions, [1][2] by precipitation of nanometer-sized colloids (so-called striking glasses[1] such as "gold ruby" [3] or red "selenium ruby"), [2] Ancient Roman enamelled glass, 1st century, Treasure of Begram. by colored inclusions (as in milk glass and ...