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Crop water productivity (WP) or water use efficiency (WUE) [5] expressed in kg/m³ is an efficiency term, expressing the amount of marketable product (e.g. kilograms of grain) in relation to the amount of input needed to produce that output (cubic meters of water). The water used for crop production is referred to as crop evapotranspiration.
Field Water Efficiency (%) = (Water Transpired by Crop ÷ Water Applied to Field) x 100; Increased irrigation efficiency has a number of positive outcomes for the farmer, the community and the wider environment. Low application efficiency infers that the amount of water applied to the field is in excess of the crop or field requirements.
All plants, including crop, require air (specifically, oxygen) to respire, produce energy, and keep their cells alive. In agriculture, waterlogging typically blocks air from getting to the roots. [3] With the exception of rice (Oryza sativa), [4] [5] most crops like maize and potato, [6] [7] [8] are therefore
In the US, some 80% of the fresh water withdrawn from rivers and groundwater is used to produce food and other agricultural products. [1] Farm water may include water used in the irrigation of crops or the watering of livestock. Its study is called agricultural hydrology. Water is one of the most fundamental parts of the global economy.
Evaporation from tilling increases the amount of water by around 1/3 to 3/4 inches (0.85 to 1.9 cm) per pass. [66] Gully formation can cause soil erosion in some crops, such as soybeans with no-tillage, although models of other crops under no-tillage show less erosion than conventional tillage. Grass waterways can be a solution. [67]
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The amount of water lost by a plant also depends on its size and the amount of water absorbed at the roots. Factors that effect root absorption of water include: moisture content of the soil, excessive soil fertility or salt content, poorly developed root systems, and those impacted by pathogenic bacteria and fungi such as pythium or rhizoctonia.
The crops were grown in simulated Martian regolith - soil with no organic matter - developed by NASA researchers that is a near-perfect physical and chemical match to real Martian soil.