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A free logic is a logic with fewer existential presuppositions than classical logic. ... The problem comes from substituting nondesignating constants for variables: ...
TPTP (Thousands of Problems for Theorem Provers) [1] is a freely available collection of problems for automated theorem proving. It is used to evaluate the efficacy of automated reasoning algorithms. [2] [3] [4] Problems are expressed in a simple text-based format for first order logic or higher-order logic. [5]
The logic puzzle was first produced by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, who is better known under his pen name Lewis Carroll, the author of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.In his book The Game of Logic he introduced a game to solve problems such as confirming the conclusion "Some greyhounds are not fat" from the statements "No fat creatures run well" and "Some greyhounds run well". [1]
The Hardest Logic Puzzle Ever is a logic puzzle so called by American philosopher and logician George Boolos and published in The Harvard Review of Philosophy in 1996. [1] [2] Boolos' article includes multiple ways of solving the problem.
This is a list of mathematical logic topics. For traditional syllogistic logic, see the list of topics in logic . See also the list of computability and complexity topics for more theory of algorithms .
On this view, classical predicate logic introduces predicates with an empty extension while free logic introduces singular terms of non-existing things. [51] An important problem for free logic consists in how to determine the truth value of expressions containing empty singular terms, i.e. of formulating a formal semantics for free logic. [56]
Three utilities problem – Connect three cottages to gas, water, and electricity without crossing lines. [ 9 ] Thirty-six officers problem – Arrange six regiments consisting of six officers each of different ranks in a 6 × 6 square so that no rank or regiment is repeated in any row or column.
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