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The most common symptoms are nausea and vertigo. [21] 0.05% [22] Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: A rare neurological disorder affecting approximately 1 in 100,000 people, most of whom are women of child-bearing age. IIH results in a raised intracranial pressure and can lead to permanent loss of vision.
Shunt surgery is one of the most common procedures in pediatric neurosurgery. Significant advances in shunt technology and surgical approaches have been made over the years. However, the lifetime risk for a revision surgery of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in pediatric patients can reach up to 80%. [59] Shunt failure rates are also high.
The syndrome is related to cystic lesions and swelling of the third ventricle in the brain. Symptoms of bobble-head doll syndrome are diverse, including both physical and neurological symptoms. [1] The most common form of treatment is surgical implanting of a shunt to relieve the swelling of the brain. [2]
IVH in the preterm brain usually arises from the germinal matrix whereas IVH in the term infants originates from the choroid plexus. However, it is particularly common in premature infants or those of very low birth weight. [9] The cause of IVH in premature infants, unlike that in older infants, children or adults, is rarely due to trauma.
The EVD is a foreign body inserted into the brain, and as such it represents a potential portal for serious infection. Historically, the rate of infections associated with EVDs has been very high, ranging from 5% to > 20%. [10] [11] Infections associated with EVDs can progress to become a severe form of brain infection known as ventriculitis.
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the brain, potentially leading to brain damage and death. It is corrected by a shunt which drains excess CSF from the brain to the abdomen. Shunts fail, typically by obstruction – a life-threatening medical condition requiring the surgical replacement of the shunt.
Age Etiology Previous Shunt 0 < 1 month: Post-infectious: Previous shunt 10: 1 month to < 6 months: No previous shunt 20: Myelomeningocele, intraventricular hemorrhage, non-tectal brain tumor: 30: 6 months to < 1 year: Aqueductal stenosis, tectal brain tumor, other etiology: 40: 1 year to < 10 years: 50: ≥ 10 years
A subdural hygroma (SDG) is a collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), without blood, located under the dural membrane of the brain. Most subdural hygromas are believed to be derived from chronic subdural hematomas. They are commonly seen in elderly people after minor trauma but can also be seen in children following infection or trauma.