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2. Calendering (textiles) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)

   With textiles, fabric is passed between calender rollers at high temperatures and pressures. Calendering is used on fabrics such as moire to produce its watered effect and also on cambric and some types of sateens. In preparation for calendering, the fabric is folded lengthwise with the front side, or face, inside, and stitched together along ...

3. Flour sack - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour_sack

   Sizes range from 10 kg to 100 kg. One traditional construction was cheap cotton bags. These printed cotton bags were sometimes viewed as collectables; other times the flour sack fabric was repurposed into a variety of household items. Current practices are to use multi-wall paper sacks.

4. Cotton paper - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_paper

   Although pulp paper was cheaper to produce, its quality and durability is significantly lower. Although pulp-paper quality improved significantly over the 20th century, cotton paper continues to be more durable, and consequently important documents are often printed on cotton paper. Different grades of cotton paper can be produced.

5. Paper bag - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_bag

   Kraft paper bags Bag of sugar Traditional paper bags made from reused newspaper in India. A paper bag is a bag made of paper, usually kraft paper. Paper bags can be made either with virgin or recycled fibres to meet customers' demands. Paper bags are commonly used as shopping carrier bags and for packaging of some consumer goods. They carry a ...

6. Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_by...

   In order to make textiles, the first requirement is a source of fibre from which a yarn can be made, primarily by spinning. The yarn is processed by knitting or weaving to create cloth. The machine used for weaving is the loom. Cloth is finished by what are described as wet process to become fabric.

7. Fabric treatment - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabric_treatment

   The fabric treatment formulation is in a gelled or thickened liquid form. Four compulsory ingredients, that include, a dispersing agent, a liquid vehicle that consist of water, a fabric treatment agent, a surfactant. [14] The quaternary amines is used in the fabric treatment formulation of cationic softening or conditioning agents. The ...

8. Finishing (textiles) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)

   Mercerisation makes the woven cotton fabric stronger, more lustrous, and less abrasive, and improves its dye affinity. Raising lifts the surface fibers to improve the softness and warmth, as in flannelette. Peach Finish subjects the fabric (either cotton or its synthetic blends) to emery wheels, making the surface velvet-like. This is a special ...

9. Paper chemicals - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_chemicals

   Paper Coating 1) The paper or board 2) The first layer of coating to even out the surface 3) A second layer for an even smoother and whiter surface. Pigments that absorb in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum can be added. As the dye absorbs light, the brightness of the paper will decrease, unlike the effect of an optical ...