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An agent who acts within the scope of authority conferred by their principal binds the principal in the obligations they create against third parties. There are essentially three kinds of authority recognized in the law: actual authority (whether express or implied), apparent authority, and ratified authority (explained here).
Express actual authority. Express actual authority means an agent has been expressly told (i.e., explicitly told) they may act on behalf of a principal. Ireland v Livingstone (1872) LR 5 HL 395; Implied actual authority. Implied actual authority, also called "usual authority", is authority an agent has by virtue of being reasonably necessary to ...
The diagram emphasizes events that cross the system boundary from actors to systems. A system sequence diagram should be done for the main success scenario of the use case, and frequent or complex alternative scenarios. There are two kinds of sequence diagrams: Sequence Diagram (SD): A regular version of sequence diagram describes how the ...
Legal jurisdictions which provide for apparent authority include the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and South Africa.The doctrine of apparent authority is based on the concept of estoppel, thus, it prevents the principal from denying the existence of agency to a third party, provided that a representation, as to the agent's authority, has been made by him to the third ...
This may be express or implied from the principal's behaviour, e.g., if the agent has purported to act in a number of situations and the principal has knowingly acquiesced, the failure to notify all concerned of the agent's lack of authority is an implied ratification to those transactions and an implied grant of authority for future ...
Section 186 of the Indian Contract Act 1872 provides that an agent's authority may be express or implied. Section 187 adds that "An authority is said to be express when it is given by words, spoken or written. An authority is said to be implied when it is to be inferred from the circumstances of the case; and things spoken or written or the ...
The authority does not arise by operation of law, as is sometimes suggested. [153] Rather, it is a question of the principal's intention and arises by implied agreement, by custom or industry practice, or is inferred as being reasonably necessary to carry out express authority ("incidental authority"). Tacit authority is a form of actual authority.
A diagram is a partial graphic representation of a system's model. The set of diagrams need not completely cover the model and deleting a diagram does not change the model. The model may also contain documentation that drives the model elements and diagrams (such as written use cases). UML diagrams represent two different views of a system ...