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The Rockwell test does not use any optical equipment to measure the hardness indention, rather all calculations are done within the machine to measure the indention in the specimen. [ 13 ] The equation for Rockwell hardness is H R = N − h ∗ d {\displaystyle HR=N-h*d} , where d is the depth in mm (from the zero load point), and N and h are ...
(10 mm Ball, 3000 kg load) Vickers HV (5 kg) Rockwell C HRC (120 degree cone 150 kg) Rockwell B HRB (1/16" ball 100 kg) Leeb HLD [1] 800-72-856 780:
The "3000" is the force in kilograms force. The hardness may also be shown as XXX HB YY D 2 . The XXX is the force to apply (in kgf) on a material of type YY (5 for aluminum alloys, 10 for copper alloys, 30 for steels).
The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1921 by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. [1] The Vickers test is often easier to use than other hardness tests since the required calculations are independent of the size of the indenter, and the indenter ...
Hardness measurements quantify the resistance of a material to plastic deformation. Indentation hardness tests compose the majority of processes used to determine material hardness, and can be divided into three classes: macro, micro and nanoindentation tests. [2] [3] Microindentation tests typically have forces less than 2 N (0.45 lb f ...
where: L is the length of indentation along its long axis C p is the correction factor related to the shape of the indenter, ideally 0.070279 P is the load. HK values are typically in the range from 100 to 1000, when specified in the conventional units of kg f ⋅mm −2.
Use of the kilogram-force per square centimetre continues primarily due to older pressure measurement devices still in use. This use of the unit of pressure provides an intuitive understanding for how a body's mass, in contexts with roughly standard gravity, can apply force to a scale's surface area, i.e. kilogram-force per square (centi-)metre.
For some usage examples, consider the conversion of 1 SCCM to kg/s of a gas of molecular weight , where is in kg/kmol. Furthermore, consider standard conditions of 101325 Pa and 273.15 K, and assume the gas is an ideal gas (i.e., =).