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Ontology is a branch of philosophy and intersects areas such as metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of language, as it considers how knowledge, language, and perception relate to the nature of reality.
Applied ontology is particularly relevant to information and computer science, which develop conceptual frameworks of limited domains. These frameworks facilitate the structured storage of information, such as in a college database tracking academic activities. Ontology is also pertinent to the fields of logic, theology, and anthropology.
An olog can also be viewed as a database schema.Every box (object of ) in the olog is a table and the arrows (morphisms) emanating from the box are columns in .The assignment of a particular instance to an object of is done through a functor:.
For example, an ontology may want to distinguish between the class of all creatures with a kidney and the class of all creatures with a heart, even if these classes happen to have exactly the same members. In most upper ontologies, the classes are defined intensionally. Intensionally defined classes usually have necessary conditions associated ...
Individuals (instances) are the basic, "ground level" components of an ontology. The individuals in an ontology may include concrete objects such as people, animals, tables, automobiles, molecules, and planets, as well as abstract individuals such as numbers and words (although there are differences of opinion as to whether numbers and words are classes or individuals).
Gellish is an example of a combined ontology language and ontology that is description logic based. It distinguishes between the semantic differences among others of: relation types for relations between concepts (classes)
Such a core ontology is a key pre-requisite to a more complete foundation ontology, or a more general philosophical sense of ontology. Most applicable to teaching , e.g. the Longmans defining dictionary of the simplest meanings of 2,000 English words is used to define the 4,000 most basic English idioms —this is a core glossary of the English ...
Between 2005 and 2015 he was a co-PI of the NIH National Center for Biomedical Ontology, [37] where he was responsible especially for dissemination of ontology best practices and for providing training opportunities for biomedical ontologists. [38] Between 2013 and 2018 he served as ontology lead on the NIAID ImmPort project. [39] [40] [41]