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A vitreo-retinal specialist (an ophthalmologist specialized in treatment of retinal diseases) should be consulted for proper management of the case. [ citation needed ] Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have been successfully treated with laser, anti-vascular endothelial growth factors and ...
Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), [10] and OCT angiography (OCTA) [11] [12] [13] studies have provided support for choriocapillaris involvement. However, a novel hypothesis was proposed implicating a direct neurotropic infection as a possible underlying cause given the dynamic changes observed along the neuronal pathway of the retina [ 14 ]
Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease affects primarily the lungs . [ 4 ] Occasionally, other organs are affected; called disseminated histoplasmosis, it can be fatal if left untreated.
Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) [1] is a medical inflammatory condition of the eye. [2] The condition presents itself as a necrotizing retinitis . [ 3 ] The inflammation onset is due to certain herpes viruses , varicella zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases. [1]
IRMA can be difficult to distinguish from and is likely a precursor to retinal neovascularization. One way to distinguish IRMA from retinal neovascularization is to perform fluorescein angiography. Since IRMA blood vessels are patent, unlike neovascular vessels, they do not leak, and therefore exhibit hyperfluorescence on fluorescein angiography.
There are two types of the disease: retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. Both conditions result in the swelling and damage to the retina. However, the key difference is that RP is a genetic problem inherited from one or both of parents. On the other hand, CMVR develops from a viral infection in the retina.
Recently, central serous chorioretinopathy has been understood to be part of the pachychoroid spectrum. [5] [6] In pachychoroid spectrum disorders, of which CSR represents stage II, the choroid, the highly vascularized layer below the retina, is thickened and congested with increased blood vessel diameter, especially in the deep choroid (the so-called Haller's layer).