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Psychological stress can be external and related to the environment, [3] but may also be caused by internal perceptions that cause an individual to experience anxiety or other negative emotions surrounding a situation, such as pressure, discomfort, etc., which they then deem stressful. Hans Selye (1974) proposed four variations of stress. [4]
Stress is a conscious or unconscious psychological feeling or physical condition resulting from physical or mental 'positive or negative pressure' that overwhelms adaptive capacities. It is a psychological process initiated by events that threaten, harm or challenge an organism or that exceed available coping resources and it is characterized ...
Prolonged stress can disturb the immune, digestive, cardiovascular, sleep, and reproductive systems. [17] For example, it was found that: Chronic stress reduces resistance of infection and inflammation, and might even cause the immune system to attack itself. [27] Stress responses can cause atrophy of muscles and increases in blood pressure. [28]
JAMA's article points out two primary stress factors most commonly linked to depression -- including social stresses such as those caused by a relationship breakup, and the type of depression ...
Stress (biology), an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition; Stress (mechanics), the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other; Oxidative stress, an imbalance of free radicals; Psychological stress, a feeling of strain and pressure Occupational stress, stress related to ...
The threat of negative evaluation is the social stressor. Researchers can measure the stress response by comparing pre-stress salivary cortisol levels and post-stress salivary cortisol levels. [31] Other common stress measures used in the TSST are self-report measures like the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and physiological measures like heart ...
As a result, they experience a drop in their ordinary ability, whether physical or mental, due to that perceived stress. [44] Competitive anxiety is caused by a range of internal factors including high expectations, outside pressure, [44] lack of experience, and external factors like the location of a competition. [45]
Occupational eustress may be measured on subjective levels such as of quality of life or work life, job pressure, psychological coping resources, complaints, overall stress level, and mental health. [11] Other subjective methodological practices have included interviews with focus groups asking about stressors and stress level. [12]