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Localization and Urbanization Economies are two types of external economies of scale, or agglomeration economies.External economies of scale result from an increase in the productivity of an entire industry, region, or economy due to factors outside of an individual company.
Economic policy is often implemented at the urban level thus economic policy is often tied to urban policy (McCann 2001:3). Urban problems and public policy tie into urban economics as the theme relates urban problems, such as poverty or crime, to economics by seeking to answer questions with economic guidance.
Economic restructuring is used to indicate changes in the constituent parts of an economy in a very general sense. [1] In the western world, it is usually used to refer to the phenomenon of urban areas shifting from a manufacturing to a service sector economic base.
Urban geography includes different other fields in geography such as the physical, social, and economic aspects of urban geography. The physical geography of urban environments is essential to understand why a town is placed in a specific area, and how the conditions in the environment play an important role with regards to whether or not the ...
For companies: Economic agglomeration would cause fierce competitive pressure. Competition can reduce the market price, motivating companies to innovate and increase production efficiency. [27] However, over-competition would hinder companies' development and innovation, and would also generate some social problems. [citation needed]
Gentrification has been called the savior of cities from urban crisis because it has led to urban revitalization, which promotes the economy of struggling cities. [ 162 ] The Fair Housing Act can be used as litigation against gentrification because the urban development process of higher-income individuals into lower-income neighborhoods leads ...
The increase of food waste can raise environmental concerns such as increase production of methane gases and attraction of disease vectors. [60] [62] Landfills are the third leading cause of the release of methane, [63] causing a concern on its impact to our ozone and on the health of individuals. Accumulation of food waste causes increased ...
Measures for urban sprawl in Europe: upper left the Dispersion of the built-up area (DIS), upper right the weighted urban proliferation (WUP). The term urban sprawl was often used in the letters between Lewis Mumford and Frederic J. Osborn, [17] firstly by Osborn in his 1941 letter to Mumford and later by Mumford, generally condemning the waste of agricultural land and landscape due to ...