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Localization and Urbanization Economies are two types of external economies of scale, or agglomeration economies.External economies of scale result from an increase in the productivity of an entire industry, region, or economy due to factors outside of an individual company.
The economies of agglomeration have also been shown to increase inequality both within urban areas and between urban and rural areas. [15] The Oxford development economist Paul Collier proposed that the gains of agglomeration should be taxed as rents , which leads to behavior-distorting rent-seeking ( Henry George theorem ).
Economic policy is often implemented at the urban level thus economic policy is often tied to urban policy (McCann 2001:3). Urban problems and public policy tie into urban economics as the theme relates urban problems, such as poverty or crime, to economics by seeking to answer questions with economic guidance.
Gentrification has been called the savior of cities from urban crisis because it has led to urban revitalization, which promotes the economy of struggling cities. [ 163 ] The Fair Housing Act can be used as litigation against gentrification because the urban development process of higher-income individuals into lower-income neighborhoods leads ...
Urban geography includes different other fields in geography such as the physical, social, and economic aspects of urban geography. The physical geography of urban environments is essential to understand why a town is placed in a specific area, and how the conditions in the environment play an important role with regards to whether or not the ...
With the increase in emissions from vehicles, this then can cause air pollution and degrades the air quality of an area. Suburbanization is growing which causes an increase in housing development, that then results in an increase in land consumption and available land. Suburbanization has also been linked to increases in natural resource use ...
Like gravity is to physics, the law of supply and demand is the bedrock principle of all economic theory. It determines where the price of a product or service intersects with the willingness of ...
Central place theory is an urban geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size and range of market services in a commercial system or human settlements in a residential system. [1] It was introduced in 1933 to explain the spatial distribution of cities across the landscape. [ 2 ]