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Dynamic hyperinflation is a phenomenon that occurs when a new breath begins before the lung has reached the static equilibrium volume. [1] In simpler terms, this means that a new breath starts before the usual amount of air has been breathed out, leading to a build-up of air in the lungs, and causing breathing in and out to take place when the lung is nearly full.
Typically, infections cause 75% or more of the exacerbations; bacteria can roughly be found in 25% of cases, viruses in another 25%, and both viruses and bacteria in another 25%. Airway inflammation is increased during the exacerbation resulting in increased hyperinflation, reduced expiratory air flow and decreased gas exchange. [1] [2]
Alpha-1 blocker, blocks alpha receptors and it relaxes the smooth muscles in the bladder. It helps the urine to flow smoothly and it can lessen the pain caused by the bladder pressing on the prostate. [44] [45] Selective alpha-1 blockers are better tolerated than non-selective alpha blockers in the body and therefore works better on BPH. [2]
As alpha 1 blocker will dilate blood vessels, it lowers the blood pressure. [3] Thus, it contraindicate to patients with a history of orthostatic hypotension and in current use of phosphodiesterase inhibitors. [3] Moreover, alpha 1 blocker should not be given to patients with heart failure since it expands blood volume. [13]
When the term "alpha blocker" is used without further qualification, it can refer to an α 1 blocker, an α 2 blocker, a nonselective blocker (both α 1 and α 2 activity), or an α blocker with some β activity. [2] However, the most common type of alpha blocker is usually an α 1 blocker. Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor antagonists include:
Hyperinflation therapy (HIT) is a very common [1] therapy performed on patients who have some sort of respiratory distress. The therapy involves applying volumes greater than normal to reinflate the collapsed alveoli in the lungs. There are many different techniques used to administer hyperinflation therapy. [2]
Activation of α 1-adrenergic receptors produces anorexia and partially mediates the efficacy of appetite suppressants like phenylpropanolamine and amphetamine in the treatment of obesity. [10] Norepinephrine has been shown to decrease cellular excitability in all layers of the temporal cortex , including the primary auditory cortex .
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...