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DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) is an email authentication method designed to detect forged sender addresses in email (email spoofing), a technique often used in phishing and email spam.
In the early 1980s, when Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) was designed, it provided for no real verification of sending user or system. This was not a problem while email systems were run by trusted corporations and universities, but since the commercialization of the Internet in the early 1990s, spam, phishing, and other crimes have been found to increasingly involve email.
Sender Policy Framework (SPF) is an email authentication method that ensures the sending mail server is authorized to originate mail from the email sender's domain. [1] [2] This authentication only applies to the email sender listed in the "envelope from" field during the initial SMTP connection.
A verified server is moderated by its developers' or publishers' own moderation team. Verification was later extended in February 2018 to include esports teams and musical artists. [56] [57] [58] By the end of 2017, about 450 servers were verified. [59] In 2023, Discord paused their verification program while they performed maintenance.
DMARC operates by checking that the domain in the message's From: field (also called "RFC5322.From" [2]) is "aligned" with other authenticated domain names.If either SPF (specified using the aspf field) or DKIM (specified using the adkim field) alignment checks pass, then the DMARC alignment test passes.
Various anti-spam techniques are used to prevent email spam (unsolicited bulk email).. No technique is a complete solution to the spam problem, and each has trade-offs between incorrectly rejecting legitimate email (false positives) as opposed to not rejecting all spam email (false negatives) – and the associated costs in time, effort, and cost of wrongfully obstructing good mail.
An identity verification service is used by businesses to ensure that users or customers provide information that is associated with the identity of a real person. The service may verify the authenticity of physical identity documents such as a driver's license , passport , or a nationally issued identity document through documentary verification.
A credential service provider (CSP) is a trusted entity that issues security tokens or electronic credentials to subscribers. [1] A CSP forms part of an authentication system, most typically identified as a separate entity in a Federated authentication system.