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  2. Cryocooler - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryocooler

    Fig.5 is a schematic diagram. Helium at pressures in the 10–30 bars (150–440 psi) range is the working fluid. The cold head contains a compression and expansion space, a regenerator, and a displacer. Usually the regenerator and the displacer are combined in one body.

  3. Pulse tube refrigerator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_tube_refrigerator

    In so-called dry magnets, coolers are used so that no cryoliquid is needed at all or for the recondensation of the evaporated helium. Also the combination of cryocoolers with 3 He- 4 He dilution refrigerators [ 23 ] for the temperature region down to 2 mK is attractive since in this way the whole temperature range from room temperature to 2 mK ...

  4. Prices of chemical elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prices_of_chemical_elements

    This is a list of prices of chemical elements. Listed here are mainly average market prices for bulk trade of commodities. ... Helium: 0.0001785: 0.008 ...

  5. The world is running out of helium. Here's why doctors are ...

    www.aol.com/news/world-running-helium-heres-why...

    They have seen helium costs rise at an alarming rate, though — possibly up to 30%, Kornbluth guessed. But without an end in sight for the helium shortage, the future of MRI remains uncertain.

  6. Dilution refrigerator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_refrigerator

    This is a heat resistance at the surface between the helium liquids and the solid body of the heat exchanger. It is inversely proportional to T 4 and the heat-exchanging surface area A . In other words: to get the same heat resistance one needs to increase the surface by a factor 10,000 if the temperature reduces by a factor 10.

  7. Cryogenics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics

    Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...

  8. Insurers are dropping HOAs, threatening the condo market

    www.aol.com/finance/insurers-dropping-hoas...

    For now, though, condo prices are still holding up on a national level. Even as more inventory hits the market, average sale prices rose 3.9% through the middle of last year.

  9. Lockheed Martin settles US allegations of defective pricing ...

    www.aol.com/news/lockheed-martin-settles-us...

    U.S. defense contractor Lockheed Martin Corporation has agreed to pay $29.74 million to settle allegations of defective pricing on contracts for F-35 military aircraft, the U.S. Justice Department ...