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  2. Unit of selection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_selection

    Two useful introductions to the fundamental theory underlying the unit of selection issue and debate, which also present examples of multi-level selection from the entire range of the biological hierarchy (typically with entities at level N-1 competing for increased representation, i.e., higher frequency, at the immediately higher level N, e.g., organisms in populations or cell lineages in ...

  3. Evolvability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolvability

    But as an extreme example, if the mutation rate is too high then all individuals will be dead or at least carry a heavy mutation load. Short-term selection for low variation most of the time is likely to be more powerful than long-term selection for evolvability, making it difficult for natural selection to cause the evolution of evolvability.

  4. McDonald–Kreitman test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald–Kreitman_test

    The McDonald–Kreitman test [1] is a statistical test often used by evolutionary and population biologists to detect and measure the amount of adaptive evolution within a species by determining whether adaptive evolution has occurred, and the proportion of substitutions that resulted from positive selection (also known as directional selection).

  5. Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cellular_and...

    M phase See mitosis. macromolecule Any very large molecule composed of dozens, hundreds, or thousands of covalently bonded atoms, especially one with biological significance. . Many important biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, are polymers consisting of a repeated series of smaller monomers; others such as lipids and carbohydrates may not be polymeric but are nevertheless large ...

  6. Outline of evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_evolution

    Genetic hitchhiking – Phenomenon in biology; Negative selection (natural selection) – Selective removal of alleles that are deleterious; Related topics Microevolution – Change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population; Evolutionary game theory – Application of game theory to evolving populations in biology

  7. Alternatives to Darwinian evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian...

    The mediaeval great chain of being as a staircase, implying the possibility of progress: [1] Ramon Lull's Ladder of Ascent and Descent of the Mind, 1305. Alternatives to Darwinian evolution have been proposed by scholars investigating biology to explain signs of evolution and the relatedness of different groups of living things.