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The Republican Spelling System (in Indonesian: ejaan republik, when written in the current spelling system, or edjaan Republik, when written in this spelling system) or Soewandi Spelling (in Indonesian: ejaan Suwandi, when written in the current spelling system, or edjaan Suwandi, when written in this spelling system) was the orthography used for Indonesian from 17 March 1947 until 1972.
It restored the term "Perfected Spelling of the Indonesian Language" (Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan). Like the previous update, it also introduced minor changes: among others, it introduced the monophthong eu [ ɘ ] , mostly used in loanwords from Acehnese and Sundanese , reaffirming the use of optional diacritics ê [ ə ] , and ...
For the most part, the changes made in the reform are still used today. This system uses the Latin alphabet and in Malaysia is called Joint Rumi Spelling (Malay: Ejaan Rumi Bersama, ERB), and in Indonesia Perfect Spelling or Enhanced Spelling (Indonesian: Ejaan yang Disempurnakan, EYD).
Prof. Charles Adriaan van Ophuijsen [nl; id], who devised the orthography, was a Dutch linguist.He was a former inspector in a school at Bukittinggi, West Sumatra in the 1890s, before he became a professor of the Malay language at Leiden University in the Netherlands.
The Malay alphabet has a phonemic orthography; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with a notable defectiveness: /ə/ and /e/ are both written as E/e.The names of the letters, however, differ between Indonesia and rest of the Malay-speaking countries; while Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore follow the letter names of the English alphabet, Indonesia largely follows the letter names of ...
The Provisional Constitution of 1950 (Indonesian: Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara Republik Indonesia 1950, UUDS 1950) replaced the Federal Constitution of 1949 when Indonesia unilaterally withdrew from the union with the Netherlands agreed at the Round Table Conference and returned to being a unitary state. It came into force on 17 August 1950.
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An era of Liberal Democracy (Indonesian: Demokrasi Liberal) in Indonesia began on August 17, 1950, following the dissolution of the federal United States of Indonesia less than a year after its formation, and ended with the imposition of martial law and President Sukarno's decree regarding the introduction of Guided Democracy on July 5, 1959.