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Ewing sarcoma occurs about 10- to 20-fold more commonly in people of European descent compared to people of African descent. [49] [10] Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone cancer in children and adolescents, with poor prognosis and outcome in ~70% of initial diagnoses and 10–15% of relapses. [50]
PNETs and Ewing’s sarcoma are described as appearing on the same histologic spectrum. [8] [9] Treatment of PNETs is the same as extra-osseous Ewing’s sarcoma, with resection of the whole tumor alongside chemotherapy and radiation. Outcomes however are poor as PNET remains an aggressive cancer as a member of the Ewing Family of Tumors. [9]
Sarcoma: Adolescents and young adults often fare worse than young children with the same histologic type of sarcoma. In Ewing sarcoma, survival is inversely related to age and tumor size diagnosis. Adolescents and young adults with rhabdomyosarcoma have a much lower survival rate at 5 years than children, 27% compared with 61%. [15]
Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma patients have a 50–85% long term survival rate. [23] Osteosarcoma is a cancer of the bone that is treated with surgical resection of as much of the cancer as possible, often along with chemotherapy. [24] Radiotherapy is a second alternative to surgery, although not as successful.
In the United States there has been an increase in the 5-year relative survival rate between people diagnosed with cancer in 1975-1977 (48.9%) and people diagnosed with cancer in 2007-2013 (69.2%); these figures coincide with a 20% decrease in cancer mortality from 1950 to 2014. [8]
This is in contrast to most bone cancers that are secondary having developed as a metastasis from another cancer. Bone sarcomas are rare, and mostly affect the legs. The other type of sarcoma is a soft-tissue sarcoma. There are three main types of bone sarcoma based on tissue type – an osteosarcoma, a Ewing's sarcoma, and a chondrosarcoma. [1]
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