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Intuitively, the reason lies in the fact that where OFDM transmit symbols directly modulate multiple sub-carriers, SC-FDMA transmit symbols are first processed by an N-point DFT block. [9] In OFDM, as well as SC-FDMA, equalization is achieved on the receiver side, after the DFT calculation, by multiplying each Fourier coefficient by a complex ...
They became a necessity in complex systems design to "understand thoroughly from exterior design the operation of the present system and the relationship of each of the parts to the whole." [3] Many specific types of functional block diagrams have emerged. For example, the functional flow block diagram is a combination of the functional block ...
Costas loop working in the locked state. In the classical implementation of a Costas loop, [4] a local voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) provides quadrature outputs, one to each of two phase detectors, e.g., product detectors.
A block diagram is a diagram of a system in which the principal parts or functions are represented by blocks connected by lines that show the relationships of the blocks. [1] They are heavily used in engineering in hardware design , electronic design , software design , and process flow diagrams .
The basic mathematical model for a communication system is the following: Communication with feedback. Here is the formal definition of each element (where the only difference with respect to the nonfeedback capacity is the encoder definition): is the message to be transmitted, taken in an alphabet;
Space–time block coding is a technique used in wireless communications to transmit multiple copies of a data stream across a number of antennas and to exploit the various received versions of the data to improve the reliability of data transfer.
The N 2 chart or N 2 diagram (pronounced "en-two" or "en-squared") is a chart or diagram in the shape of a matrix, representing functional or physical interfaces between system elements. It is used to systematically identify, define, tabulate, design, and analyze functional and physical interfaces.
Mobile architecture allows maintaining this connection whilst during transit. [1] Each day the number of mobile devices is increasing, mobile architecture is the pieces of technology needed to create a rich, connected user experience. Currently, there is a lack of uniform interoperability plans and implementation.