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The first comprehensive draft of a grid layout for CSS was created by Phil Cupp at Microsoft in 2011 and implemented in Internet Explorer 10 behind a -ms-vendor prefix.The syntax was restructured and further refined through several iterations in the CSS Working Group, led primarily by Elika Etemad and Tab Atkins Jr.
On August 19, 2013, Bootstrap 3 was released. It redesigned components to use flat design and a mobile first approach. [12] Bootstrap 3 features new plugin system with namespaced events. Bootstrap 3 dropped Internet Explorer 7 and Firefox 3.6 support, but there is an optional polyfill for these browsers. [13]
Grid systems started as helper lines for written books. Artists used grid systems to layout the content – text and images – in a manner that makes reading and absorption easier. Newspapers, books, magazines, and classifieds, etc., all use different grid systems that make the optimum use of space for better reading and presentation. [4]
Luke Wroblewski has summarized some of the RWD and mobile design challenges and created a catalog of multi-device layout patterns. [15] [16] [17] He suggested that, compared with a simple HWD approach [clarification needed], device experience or RESS (responsive web design with server-side components) approaches can provide a user experience that is better optimized for mobile devices.
Printed maps can be good examples as they have an exact scale representing the real physical world. Subjectively, however, scale refers to one's impression of an object's size. A representation “lacks scale” when there is no exact cause linking it to lived experience, giving it a physical identity.
Material Design (codenamed Quantum Paper) [4] is a design language developed by Google in 2014. Expanding on the "cards" that debuted in Google Now , Material Design uses more grid-based layouts, responsive animations and transitions, padding, and depth effects such as lighting and shadows.
Software frameworks typically contain considerable housekeeping and utility code in order to help bootstrap user applications, but generally focus on specific problem domains, such as: Artistic drawing, music composition, and mechanical CAD [3] [4] Financial modeling applications [5] Earth system modeling applications [6] Decision support ...
The arguments against virtual skeuomorphic design are that skeuomorphic interface elements are harder to operate and take up more screen space than standard interface elements, that this breaks operating system interface design standards, that it causes an inconsistent look and feel between applications, [33] that skeuomorphic interface ...