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An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pair. [1] English has two affricate phonemes, /t͜ʃ/ and /d͜ʒ/, often spelled ch and j, respectively.
The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate [d͡z] is the most common type, similar to the ds in English lads. The voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate [dð̠], or [dð͇] using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is found, for example, in some dialects of English and Italian. The voiced alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [d͡z̺]
The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with t͡ʃ , t͜ʃ tʃ (formerly the ligature ʧ ), or, in broad transcription, c .
The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. One language in which it is found is Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate. This article discusses the first two.
The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with d͡ʒ (formerly the ligature ʤ ), or in some broad transcriptions ɟ , and the ...
The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is t͡ɬ (often simplified to tɬ ), and in Americanist phonetic notation it is ƛ ( barred lambda ).
Examples include the loss (in most dialects) of the [ç] and [x] sounds still reflected by the gh in words like night and taught, and the splitting of voiced and voiceless allophones of fricatives into separate phonemes (such as the two different phonemes represented by th ).
The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are d͡ʑ , d͜ʑ , ɟ͡ʑ and ɟ͜ʑ , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are d_z\ and J\_z\, though transcribing the stop component with ɟ (J\ in X-SAMPA) is rare.