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Women's participation in the workforce continued to increase through the period, [6] with some countries seeing 50% of the workforce being made up of women by the end of the communist period. [7] In most countries the right to abortion was codified into law by the end of the 1950s.
In an effort to increase women's participation in politics in India, a 1993 constitutional amendment mandated a randomly selected third of leadership positions at every level of local government to be reserved for women. [168] These political reservation quotas randomly choose one third of cities to implement a women-only election. [169]
[63] [64] Family planning is particularly important from a women's rights perspective, as having very many pregnancies, especially in areas where malnutrition is present, can seriously endanger women's health. UNFA writes that "Family planning is central to gender equality and women's empowerment, and it is a key factor in reducing poverty". [65]
Other factors associated with increase of fertility include: Social pressure: Women have an increased probability to have another child when there is social pressure from parents, relatives, and friends to do so. [1] For example, fertility increases during the one to two years after a sibling or a co-worker has a child. [1]
Women's responsibilities at home make it difficult to take part and engage in decision-making. [60] As this indicates that women's needs, priorities and skills are being ignored when managing resources and making decision. This affects empowerment in community and the power to create changes. [59] [60] The effects of violence against women
In 1990, women's labor force participation in the US was 74% compared to the non-US average of 67.1%, ranking the US 6th out of 22. In 2010, women's participation increased slightly to 75.2% in the US, while the non-US average jumped more than 12 percentage points to 79.5%. As a result, US women ranked 17th out of 22 countries only 20 years later.
[31] [32] [33] Some of the goals of feminist theology include increasing the role of women among the clergy and religious authorities, reinterpreting male-dominated imagery and language about the deity or deities, determining women's place in relation to career and motherhood, and studying images of women in the religion's sacred texts.
In the study, "Anatomy of an Enduring Gender Gap: The Evolution of Women's Participation in Computer Science,"researchers found an overall decline in women's determination to major in the computer science field. They found that by 2011 only 0.4% of women planned to major in computer science compared to 3.3% of men. [26]