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140,000 (2021) [9] Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. [10] An epileptic seizure is the clinical manifestation of an abnormal, excessive, and synchronized electrical discharge in the neurons. [1] The occurrence of two or more unprovoked seizures defines epilepsy. [11]
Epilepsy is more common among children than adults, affecting about 6 out of 1000 US children that are between the age of 0 to 5 years old. [2] The epileptic seizures can be of different types depending on the part of the brain that was affected, seizures are classified in 2 main types partial seizure or generalized seizure. [1]
Epilepsy syndromes are also classified based on age at onset when the syndrome first appears, syndromes with onset in neonates and infancy, beginning prior to 2 years of age, [5] syndromes with onset in childhood, [6] and syndromes that begin at a variable age. This group includes syndromes that can begin either in childhood or adulthood.
Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain and typically involve both sides of the body. [3] They all involve a loss of consciousness and usually happen without warning. [3][14] There are six main types of generalized seizures: tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic, absence, and atonic seizures. [3]
This rare epilepsy has a wide age range of presentation (from the first year of life through the early teens). This epilepsy is characterized by absence seizures concurrent with myoclonic jerks, typically occurring several times daily. The genetics of this disorder have not been delineated. Seizures from this disorder often cease within 5 years.
Generalized epilepsy is a form of epilepsy characterised by generalised seizures with no apparent cause. [1] Generalized seizures, as opposed to focal seizures, are a type of seizure that impairs consciousness and distorts the electrical activity of the whole or a larger portion of the brain (which can be seen, for example, on electroencephalography, EEG).