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An endospore stain of the cell Bacillus subtilis showing endospores as green and the vegetative cell as red Phase-bright endospores of Paenibacillus alvei imaged with phase-contrast microscopy. An endospore is a dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria in the phylum Bacillota.
Endospores can last for decades in multiple hard conditions, such as drying and freezing. This is because the DNA inside the endospore can survive over a long period. Most bacteria are unable to form endospores due to their high resistance, but some common species are the genera Bacillus ( over 100 species) and Clostridium (over 160 species). [2]
B. subtilis can divide symmetrically to make two daughter cells (binary fission), or asymmetrically, producing a single endospore that is resistant to environmental factors such as heat, desiccation, radiation and chemical insult which can persist in the environment for long periods of time. The endospore is formed at times of nutritional ...
The term sporogenesis can also refer to endospore formation in bacteria, which allows the cells to survive unfavorable conditions. Endospores are not reproductive structures and their formation does not require cell fusion or division. Instead, they form through the production of an encapsulating spore coat within the spore-forming cell.
The magnetosome chain causes the cell to behave as a motile, miniature compass needle where the cell aligns and swims parallel to magnetic field lines. [ 5 ] The magnetic dipole moment of the cell is often large enough that its interaction with Earth’s magnetic field overcomes the thermal forces that tend to randomize the orientation of the ...
Upon exposure to various conditions, C. tetani can shed its flagellums and form a spore. [1] Each cell can form a single spore, generally at one end of the cell, giving the cell a distinctive drumstick shape. [1] C. tetani spores are extremely hardy and are resistant to heat, various antiseptics, and boiling for several minutes. [2]
By causing certain cells or structures to take on contrasting colours, their form or position within a cell or tissue can be readily seen and studied. The usual purpose is to reveal cytological details that might otherwise not be apparent; however, staining can also reveal where certain chemicals or specific chemical reactions are taking place ...
The activated region of the delta toxin is composed of three distinct structural domains: an N-terminal helical bundle domain (InterPro: IPR005639) involved in membrane insertion and pore formation; a beta-sheet central domain involved in receptor binding; and a C-terminal beta-sandwich domain (InterPro: IPR005638) that interacts with the N-terminal domain to form a channel.