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The consumer's surplus is highest at the largest number of units for which, even for the last unit, the maximum willingness to pay is not below the market price. Consumer surplus can be used as a measurement of social welfare, shown by Robert Willig. [8] For a single price change, consumer surplus can provide an approximation of changes in welfare.
By economic surplus is meant all production which is not essential for the continuance of existence. That is to say, all production about which there is a choice as to whether or not it is produced. The economic surplus begins when an economy is first able to produce more than it needs to survive, a surplus to its essentials.
The surplus-value produced by prolongation of the working day, I call absolute surplus-value. On the other hand, the surplus-value arising from the curtailment of the necessary labour-time, and from the corresponding alteration in the respective lengths of the two components of the working day, I call relative surplus-value.
In a subsistence economy, economic surplus is minimal and only used to trade for basic goods, and there is no industrialization. [2] [3] In hunting and gathering societies, resources are often, if not typically underused. [4] The subsistence system is maintained through sharing, feasting, ritual observance and associated norms. [5]
If a country exports a greater value than it imports, it has a trade surplus or positive trade balance, and conversely, if a country imports a greater value than it exports, it has a trade deficit or negative trade balance. As of 2016, about 60 out of 200 countries have a trade surplus. The notion that bilateral trade deficits are per se ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 3 February 2025. Education in the United States of America National education budget (2023-24) Budget $222.1 billion (0.8% of GDP) Per student More than $11,000 (2005) General details Primary languages English System type Federal, state, local, private Literacy (2017 est.) Total 99% Male 99% Female 99% ...