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Urbanization was fastest in the Northeastern United States, which acquired an urban majority by 1880. [2] Some Northeastern U.S. states had already acquired an urban majority before then, including Massachusetts and Rhode Island (majority-urban by 1850), [4] [5] and New York (majority-urban since about 1870).
Sanitary conditions were bad throughout urban America in the 19th century. The worst conditions appeared in the largest cities, where the accumulation of human and horse waste built up on the city streets, where sewage systems were inadequate, and the water supply was of dubious quality. [ 91 ]
In the 19th century, over 50 million people left Western Europe for the Americas. [92] The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian exchange , a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves ), ideas, and communicable disease between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres ...
Only a handful of studies attempt a global history of cities, notably Lewis Mumford, The City in History (1961). [5] Representative comparative studies include Leonardo Benevolo, The European City (1993); Christopher R. Friedrichs, The Early Modern City, 1450-1750 (1995), and James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru. eds. Edo and Paris (1994) (Edo was the old name for Tokyo).
This article lists historical urban community sizes based on the estimated populations of selected human settlements from 7000 BC – AD 1875, organized by archaeological periods. Many of the figures are uncertain, especially in ancient times. Estimating population sizes before censuses were conducted is a difficult task. [1]
19th; 20th; 21st; 22nd; 23rd; 24th; Pages in category "19th-century maps and globes" The following 17 pages are in this category, out of 17 total.
Europe's population doubled during the 19th century, from approximately 200 million to more than 400 million. [7] The introduction of railroads provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, changing the way people lived and obtained goods, and fuelling major urbanization movements in countries across the globe.
Map of Pella, showing the grid plan of the city. Traditionally, the Greek philosopher Hippodamus (498–408 BC) is regarded as the first town planner and 'inventor' of the orthogonal urban layout. Aristotle called him "the father of city planning", [7] and until well into the 20th century, he was indeed regarded as such.