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A ceramic heater as a consumer product is a space heater that generates heat using a heating element of ceramic with a positive temperature coefficient (PTC). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ failed verification ] Ceramic heaters are usually portable and typically used for heating a room or small office, and are of similar utility to metal-element fan heaters .
A positive-temperature-coefficient heating element (PTC heating element), or self-regulating heater, is an electrical resistance heater whose resistance increases significantly with temperature. The name self-regulating heater comes from the tendency of such heating elements to maintain a constant temperature when supplied by a given voltage.
Ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are a type of refractory ceramics that can withstand extremely high temperatures without degrading, often above 2,000 °C. [1] They also often have high thermal conductivities and are highly resistant to thermal shock, meaning they can withstand sudden and extreme changes in temperature without cracking or breaking.
These heaters can be printed on a variety of substrates including metal, ceramic, glass, and polymer using metal- or alloy-loaded thick-film pastes. [13] The most common substrates used to print thick-film heaters are aluminum 6061-T6, stainless steel, and muscovite or phlogopite mica sheets. The applications and operational characteristics of ...
Modern high-efficiency furnaces can be up to 98% efficient and operate without a chimney, with a typical gas furnace being about 80% efficient. [1] Waste gas and heat are mechanically ventilated through either metal flue pipes or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes that can be vented through the side or roof of the structure.
A counter flow heat exchanger is the most efficient type of heat exchanger in transferring heat energy from one circuit to the other [citation needed]. However, for a more complete picture of heat exchanger efficiency, exergetic considerations must be taken into account. Thermal efficiencies of an internal combustion engine are typically higher ...
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The cited Andersland Charts include corresponding water content percentages for easy measurements. The TPRC Data Book has been quoting de Vries with values of 0.0251 and 0.0109 W⋅cm −3 ⋅Kelvin −1 for the thermal conductivities of organic and dry mineral soils respectively but the original article is free at the website of their cited ...