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Ministers (French: Ministres) are senior ministers and are members of the Council of Ministers. They lead government ministries. Secretaries of state (French: secrétaires d'État) are junior ministers. This is the lowest rank in the French ministerial hierarchy. Secretaries work directly under a minister, or sometimes directly under the prime ...
French law provides for a separate judicial branch with an independent judiciary which does not answer to or is directly controlled by the other two branches of government. [40] France has a civil law legal system, the basis of which is codified law; however, case law plays a significant role in the determination of the courts.
The title Marshal General of the King's camps and armies (French: Maréchal général des camps et armées du roi), more commonly referred to as the Marshal General of France, was created superior to the Marshal of France to signify that the recipient had authority over all the French armies in the days when a Marshal of France governed only ...
One Plantagenet, Henry VI of England, enjoyed de jure control of the French throne following the Treaty of Troyes, which formed the basis for continued English claims to the throne of France until 1801. The Valois line ruled France until the line became extinct in 1589, in the backdrop of the French Wars of Religion.
The prime minister is the holder of the second-highest office in France, after the president of France. The president, who appoints but cannot dismiss the prime minister, can request resignation. The Government of France, including the prime minister, can be dismissed by the National Assembly. Upon appointment, the prime minister proposes a ...
Absolute monarchy is a variation of the governmental form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. In France, Louis XIV was the most famous exemplar of absolute monarchy, with his court central to French political and cultural life during ...
Catherine de' Medici later hardened her stance and backed the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in Paris, which resulted in Catholic mobs killing between 5,000 and 30,000 Protestants throughout France. The wars threatened the authority of the monarchy and the last Valois kings, Catherine's three sons Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III.
At the 1790 division, during the French Revolution, of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, composed of 12 arrondissements. [citation needed] In 1860, Paris annexed bordering communes, some entirely, to create the new administrative map of twenty municipal arrondissements that Paris has today ...